Arquitecto: Rafael Moneo Vallés
Localizacion: Mérida , España
Año: 1986
El Museo Nacional de Arte Romano se realiza, en sustitución del antiguo Museo Arqueológico de Mérida, no solo como un lugar de conservación y colección, también como el gran centro investigador y difusor de la cultura romana en Hispania. La voluntad de crear el museo coincide con la celebración del bimilenario de la ciudad de Mérida en 1975. El edificio se sitúa frente al conjunto monumental del teatro y del anfiteatro, sobre el conocido como «Solar de las Torres» por sus hallazgos arqueológicos. Previa a la programación de las obras se realizó la excavación arqueológica que puso a la luz una zona «extramuros» de la ciudad con restos de arquitectura doméstica, una necrópolis, un tramo de calzada y otro de la conducción hidráulica de «San Lázaro». Dada la situación del solar y la urgencia en preservar los restos arqueológicos se decidió encargar el proyecto, sin recurrir a la figura del concurso, a Rafael Moneo Vallés, uno de los arquitectos españoles de mayor prestigio profesional. Condicionantes del proyecto fueron la conservación «in situ» de los hallazgos arqueológicos, la comunicación del museo con el recinto teatro-anfiteatro además del proyecto museístico elaborado por José Álvarez Sáenz de Buruaga, director del museo.
El principal objetivo del arquitecto fue dotar al edificio del carácter y la presencia de un edificio romano. La arquitectura se encuentra fuertemente ligada, en su materialidad, al contenido expuesto y a la cultura que referencia. Tras la aparente simplicidad del esquema constructivo se encuentra una compleja concepción arquitectónica, rica en asociaciones históricas y con sutiles articulaciones espaciales. El proyecto de Moneo formula un lenguaje arquitectónico, donde el ladrillo, el muro y el arco son elementos esenciales en la composición, y plantea el retorno al pasado tanto en las técnicas, como en los significados y los contenidos, pero sin olvidar el presente. El esquema general comprende dos volúmenes separados por la calzada romana, y conectados por una pasarela que vuela sobre los restos arqueológicos. Uno de los edificios alberga el museo y sus almacenes, lo que Moneo llama museo-archivo, y el otro los talleres de restauración, biblioteca, salón de actos y dependencias administrativas.
El edificio ha sido objeto de algunas críticas desde el punto de vista museográfico, debido a que la envergadura del continente, en especial la de la nave central casi vacía, su altura y su fuerte impronta arquitectónica, parecen hacer perder importancia a las piezas del contenido, expuestas en las naves laterales. El espacio central es utilizado a veces para exposiciones temporales. Pese a las críticas, el edificio cuenta con el reconocimiento internacional, no sólo como una de las obras maestras del arquitecto navarro, también como la obra que marcó el principio de un notable periodo de la arquitectura española contemporánea, que pasó a captar la atención de arquitectos y críticos de todo el mundo.
En 1973, en vísperas de conmemorarse su bimilenario, Mérida fue declarada «Conjunto Histórico-Arqueológico», y desde 1993 es uno de los edificios que forma parte del Conjunto Arqueológico de Mérida y que se incluye en la lista de sitios Patrimonio de la Humanidad declarados por la Unesco. Actualmente el museo alberga más de 36.000 piezas por lo se encuentra en proyecto la realización de una pequeña ampliación.
Source: Javier
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